Glossary
National Transposition
The national law that each EU member state enacts to implement EU Directive 2019/1937 domestically. A directive is not directly applicable: each state must pass its own law. States may exceed the minimum requirements (Spain set a €1m fine ceiling) but may not fall below them. All 27 member states had transposed Directive 2019/1937 by 2026.
Full definition
A directive is not directly applicable in EU member states. Each state must pass its own national law that gives effect to the directive's requirements, often called the 'transposition law'. Member states have some discretion: they may go beyond the minimum directive requirements (e.g., Spain set a €1m fine ceiling vs. the directive's silence on amounts) but may not fall below them. As of 2026, all 27 EU member states have transposed Directive 2019/1937, though some did so late and faced European Commission infringement procedures.